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A Political Life in Ming China - John W. Dardess 2013 PDF  BOOKS
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A Political Life in Ming China
Author: John W. Dardess
Year: 2013
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.1 MB
Language: English



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A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie In the mid-sixteenth century, Ming China was facing some of the worst crises it had ever faced. The empire was under attack from raids along its continental and maritime frontiers, and it was up to one man, Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie, to defend it. This fascinating history uncovers the hidden political world of Ming China and explores how Xu Jie, the leading politician of his time, steered the empire through these difficult times. Xu Jie's Rise to Power Born in 1503, Xu Jie rose to power through his extensive letters to officials in the field and reports of conversations with the emperors he served. His correspondence vividly shows how he organized the empire's defenses and shepherded it through the twin crises of the 1500s and 1560s. Drawing on years of research, distinguished scholar John W.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie В середине XVI века минский Китай столкнулся с одними из самых страшных кризисов, с которыми он когда-либо сталкивался. Империя была атакована набегами вдоль своих континентальных и морских границ, и защищать её должен был один человек, главный великий секретарь Сюй Цзе. Эта увлекательная история раскрывает скрытый политический мир минского Китая и исследует, как Сюй Цзе, ведущий политик своего времени, руководил империей в эти трудные времена. Сюй Цзе «Приход к власти» Родился в 1503 году, Сюй Цзе пришел к власти благодаря своим обширным письмам чиновникам в этой области и сообщениям о беседах с императорами, которым он служил. Его переписка ярко показывает, как он организовал оборону империи и провел ее через двойной кризис 1500-х и 1560-х годов. Опираясь на годы исследований, выдающийся ученый Джон У.
A Political Life in Ming China : The Story of Chief Grand Secret Xu Jie Au milieu du XVIe siècle, la Chine de Minsk a connu certaines des pires crises qu'elle ait jamais connues. L'empire a été attaqué par des incursions le long de ses frontières continentales et maritimes, et il devait être défendu par un seul homme, le grand secrétaire en chef Xu Jie. Cette histoire fascinante révèle le monde politique caché de la Chine de Ming et explore comment Xu Jie, le principal politicien de son époque, a dirigé l'empire en ces temps difficiles. Xu Jie « L'arrivée au pouvoir » Né en 1503, Xu Jie est arrivé au pouvoir grâce à ses vastes lettres aux fonctionnaires dans ce domaine et à ses conversations avec les empereurs qu'il servait. Sa correspondance montre clairement comment il a organisé la défense de l'empire et l'a mené à travers la double crise des années 1500 et 1560. S'appuyant sur des années de recherche, l'éminent scientifique John W.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie A mediados del siglo XVI, China de Minsk enfrentó algunas de las peores crisis que ha enfrentado. imperio fue atacado por incursiones a lo largo de sus fronteras continentales y marítimas, y un solo hombre, el gran secretario jefe Xu Jie, debía defenderlo. Esta fascinante historia revela el mundo político oculto de la China de Minsk y explora cómo Xu Jie, el principal político de su tiempo, dirigió el imperio en estos tiempos difíciles. Xu Jie «La llegada al poder» Nacido en 1503, Xu Jie llegó al poder gracias a sus extensas cartas a los funcionarios de la zona y a los informes de conversaciones con los emperadores a los que sirvió. Su correspondencia muestra vívidamente cómo organizó la defensa del imperio y lo llevó a cabo a través de la doble crisis de los 1500 y 1560. Apoyándose en de investigación, el eminente científico John W.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie Em meados do século XVI, a China de Minsk enfrentou uma das piores crises que já enfrentou. O Império foi atacado por incursões ao longo das suas fronteiras continentais e marítimas, sendo protegido por um único homem, o grande secretário Xu Tsé. Esta história fascinante revela o mundo político oculto da China de Minsk e investiga como Xu Tsé, o principal político do seu tempo, liderou o império nestes tempos difíceis. Xu Tsé «A Chegada ao Poder» Nasceu em 1503, Xu Tsé assumiu o poder por meio de suas extensas cartas a funcionários da área e relatos de conversas com os imperadores a quem serviu. A sua correspondência mostra claramente como ele organizou a defesa do império e a conduziu através da crise dupla dos anos 1500 e 1560. Baseado em anos de pesquisa, o cientista ilustre John W.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secret Xu Jie Alla metà del XVI secolo, la Cina di Minsk ha affrontato una delle peggiori crisi che abbia mai affrontato. L'impero è stato attaccato da incursioni lungo i suoi confini continentali e marittimi, e doveva essere difeso da un solo uomo, il grande segretario Xu Qe. Questa affascinante storia rivela il mondo politico nascosto della Cina di Minsk e indaga su come Xu Tze, il politico leader del suo tempo, abbia guidato l'impero in questi momenti difficili. Xu Tze «La sua ascesa al potere» Nato nel 1503, Xu Tze è salito al potere grazie alle sue grandi lettere ai funzionari in questo campo e alle sue conversazioni con gli imperatori che aveva servito. La sua corrispondenza mostra chiaramente come ha organizzato la difesa dell'impero e lo ha condotto attraverso la doppia crisi degli anni 1500 e 1560. Basandosi su anni di ricerca, uno scienziato eccezionale, John Woo.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts erlebte das Ming-China einige der schlimmsten Krisen, die es je erlebt hat. Das Reich wurde von Überfällen entlang seiner kontinentalen und maritimen Grenzen angegriffen und von einem Mann, dem großen Chefsekretär Xu Jie, verteidigt. Diese faszinierende Geschichte enthüllt die verborgene politische Welt des Minsker Chinas und untersucht, wie Xu Jie, der führende Politiker seiner Zeit, das Reich in diesen schwierigen Zeiten führte. Xu Jie „An die Macht kommen“ Xu Jie wurde 1503 geboren und kam durch seine umfangreichen Briefe an Beamte in diesem Bereich und Berichte über Gespräche mit den Kaisern, denen er diente, an die Macht. Seine Korrespondenz zeigt anschaulich, wie er die Verteidigung des Reiches organisierte und durch die Doppelkrise der 1500er und 1560er Jahre führte. Aufbauend auf jahrelanger Forschung, der herausragende Wissenschaftler John W.
Życie polityczne w Ming Chiny: Historia Wielkiego Sekretarza Xu Jie W połowie XVI wieku, Ming Chiny zmierzyły się z niektórymi z najgorszych kryzysów, jakie kiedykolwiek napotkał. Imperium zostało zaatakowane przez naloty wzdłuż jego granic kontynentalnych i morskich, a jedna osoba miała go bronić, główny wielki sekretarz Xu Jie. Ta fascynująca historia ujawnia ukryty polityczny świat mińskich Chin i bada, jak Xu Jie, czołowy polityk swoich czasów, prowadził imperium przez te trudne czasy. Xu Jie „Rise to Power” Urodzony w 1503, Xu Jie wzrósł do władzy poprzez jego obszerne listy do urzędników w dziedzinie i relacje z rozmów z cesarzami służył. Jego korespondencja żywo pokazuje, jak zorganizował obronę imperium i poprowadził go przez podwójne kryzysy 1500 i 1560. Czerpiąc z lat badań, wybitny uczony John W.
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie באמצע המאה ה-16, מינג סין התמודדה עם כמה מהמשברים הקשים ביותר שאיתם התמודדה. האימפריה הותקפה על ידי פשיטות לאורך גבולותיה היבשתיים והימיים, ואדם אחד היה להגן עליה, המזכיר הגדול הראשי שו ג 'י. הסיפור המרתק הזה חושף את העולם הפוליטי החבוי של מינסק סין ובוחן כיצד שו ג 'י, פוליטיקאי מוביל בתקופתו, הוביל את האימפריה בזמנים קשים אלה. שו ג 'י ”עלה לשלטון” נולד ב-1503, שו ג'י עלה לשלטון באמצעות מכתביו הנרחבים לפקידים בשטח ודיווחים על שיחות עם הקיסרים ששירת. ההתכתבות שלו מראה בצורה חיה איך הוא ארגן את הגנת האימפריה והוביל אותה במשברים התאומים של המאה ה-15 וה-1560. חוקר המקרא הנודע ג "ון ו.''
A Political Life in Ming China: The Story of Chief Grand Secretary Xu Jie [Ming Çin'de yasi Bir Yaşam: Baş Büyük Sekreter Xu Jie'nin Hikayesi] 16. yüzyılın ortalarında Ming Çin, şimdiye kadar karşılaştığı en kötü krizlerden bazılarıyla karşı karşıya kaldı. İmparatorluk, kıta ve deniz sınırları boyunca baskınlarla saldırıya uğradı ve bir kişi onu savunacaktı, ana büyük sekreter Xu Jie. Bu büyüleyici hikaye, Minsk Çin'in gizli siyasi dünyasını ortaya koyuyor ve zamanının önde gelen politikacılarından Xu Jie'nin imparatorluğu bu zor zamanlarda nasıl yönlendirdiğini araştırıyor. Xu Jie "Rise to Power" 1503'te doğan Xu Jie, sahadaki yetkililere yazdığı kapsamlı mektuplar ve hizmet ettiği imparatorlarla yaptığı konuşmaların raporlarıyla iktidara geldi. Yazışmaları, imparatorluğun savunmasını nasıl organize ettiğini ve 1500'lerin ve 1560'ların ikiz krizleri boyunca nasıl yönlendirdiğini canlı bir şekilde gösteriyor. Yıllarca süren araştırmalara dayanarak, seçkin bilim adamı John W.
حياة سياسية في مينغ الصين: قصة السكرتير الكبير شو جي في منتصف القرن السادس عشر، واجهت مينغ الصين بعضًا من أسوأ الأزمات التي واجهتها على الإطلاق. تعرضت الإمبراطورية للهجوم بغارات على طول حدودها القارية والبحرية، وكان على شخص واحد الدفاع عنها، السكرتير الرئيسي العظيم شو جي. تكشف هذه القصة الرائعة عن العالم السياسي الخفي لمينسك الصين وتستكشف كيف قاد شو جي، السياسي البارز في عصره، الإمبراطورية خلال هذه الأوقات الصعبة. شو جي «Rise to Power» ولد عام 1503، صعد شو جي إلى السلطة من خلال رسائله المستفيضة إلى المسؤولين في الميدان وتقارير المحادثات مع الأباطرة الذين خدمهم. تُظهر مراسلاته بوضوح كيف نظم الدفاع عن الإمبراطورية وقادها خلال الأزمتين التوأمين في القرن الخامس عشر والستينيات من القرن التاسع عشر. بالاعتماد على سنوات من البحث، قال الباحث البارز جون و.
명나라의 정치 생활: 쉬 지에 (Xu Jie) 최고 대변인의 이야기 16 세기 중반, 명나라 중국은 직면 한 최악의 위기에 직면했다. 제국은 대륙과 해상 국경을 따라 습격을 당했으며, 한 사람은 주요 비서 인 쉬 지에 (Xu Jie) 를 방어해야했다. 이 매혹적인 이야기는 숨겨진 민스크 중국의 정치 세계를 보여주고 당시의 주요 정치인 인 쉬 지가 어떻게이 어려운시기에 제국을 이끌었는지 탐구합니다. Xu Jie "Rise to Power" 1503 년에 태어난 Xu Jie는 현장의 공무원들에게 보낸 광범위한 서한과 그가 봉사 한 황제들과의 대화에 대한보고를 통해 힘을 얻었습니다. 그의 서신은 그가 제국의 방어를 조직하고 1500 년대와 1560 년대의 쌍둥이 위기를 어떻게 이끌어 냈는지 생생하게 보여줍니다. 수년간의 연구를 바탕으로 저명한 학자 John W.
明中での政治生活―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――帝国は大陸と海洋の国境に沿って襲撃され、1人がそれを守ることになった。この魅力的な物語は、ミンスク中国の隠された政治世界を明らかにし、彼の時代の主要な政治家である徐景がこれらの困難な時代をどのように帝国を導いたかを探求します。Xu Jie 「Rise to Power」 1503に生まれたXu Jieは、現場の役人への広範な手紙と、彼が仕えた皇帝との会話の報告を通じて権力を握った。彼の通信は、彼が帝国の防衛を組織し、1500代と1560代の双子の危機をどのように導いたかを鮮明に示しています。長の研究に基づいて、著名な学者ジョン・W。
中國明朝的政治生活:首席秘書徐潔的故事在16世紀中葉,明朝中國面臨著有史以來最嚴重的危機。帝國在其大陸和海上邊界遭到突襲的襲擊,必須由一名男子,首席大書記Xu Jie保衛它。這個引人入勝的故事揭示了明朝中國隱藏的政治世界,並探討了他那個時代的主要政治家徐傑在這些困難時期如何領導帝國。徐潔於1503出生,他通過給該地區官員的大量信件以及與他所服務的皇帝的對話而上臺。他的信件生動地展示了他如何組織帝國的防禦並帶領它渡過1500代和1560代的雙重危機。依靠多的研究,傑出的科學家約翰·W。

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