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The Gargantuan Polity: On The Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance - Michael Randall January 1, 2008 PDF  BOOKS
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The Gargantuan Polity: On The Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance
Author: Michael Randall
Year: January 1, 2008
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.5 MB
Language: English



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The Gargantuan Polity On The Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjectivity Introduction In his groundbreaking work, "The Gargantuan Polity On The Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance Michael Randall offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of individuality during the Renaissance period, challenging the traditional view that the era marked the emergence of modern political autonomy. Through an in-depth examination of political, legal, theological, and literary texts from the late Middle Ages, Randall reveals how individuals were defined by contracts of mutual obligation, allowing rulers to maintain power through the approval of their subjects. This relationship between rulers and individuals changed with the rise of absolute monarchy, leading to a shift in the understanding of individuality from objective relations with the community to subjective being. The Evolution of Individuality Randall's study begins with the late Middle Ages, where individuals were perceived as part of a larger communal entity, with their identities and actions defined by their relationships with others. This collectivist understanding of individuality was rooted in the feudal system, where lords held power over their vassals and the Church wielded authority over its followers. However, with the rise of absolute monarchy, the definition of individuality began to shift. Rulers no longer relied solely on the approval of their subjects but instead asserted their power through the development of centralized bureaucracies and the rise of a professionalized military.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjectivity Introduction В своей новаторской работе «The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance» Майкл Рэндалл предлагает всесторонний анализ эволюции индивидуальности в период Ренессанса, бросая вызов традиционной точке зрения, что эпоха ознаменовала появление современной политической автономии. Посредством глубокого изучения политических, юридических, теологических и литературных текстов позднего Средневековья Рэндалл показывает, как личности определялись договорами о взаимном обязательстве, позволяя правителям сохранять власть посредством одобрения своих подданных. Эти отношения между правителями и индивидуумами менялись с ростом абсолютной монархии, приводя к сдвигу в понимании индивидуальности от объективных отношений с общиной к субъективному бытию. Исследование Рэндалла «Эволюция индивидуальности» начинается с позднего Средневековья, где индивиды воспринимались как часть более крупной общинной сущности, с их идентичностью и действиями, определяемыми их отношениями с другими. Это коллективистское понимание индивидуальности коренилось в феодальной системе, где сеньоры удерживали власть над своими вассалами, а Церковь обладала властью над своими последователями. Однако с ростом абсолютной монархии определение индивидуальности стало смещаться. Правители больше не полагались исключительно на одобрение своих подданных, а вместо этого утверждали свою власть посредством развития централизованной бюрократии и подъема профессионализированной армии.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjectivité Introduction Dans son travail pionnier « The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance », Michael Randall propose une analyse complète de l'évolution de l'individualité au cours de la Renaissance, remettant en question le point de vue traditionnel selon lequel l'ère a marqué l'émergence de l'autonomie politique moderne. Grâce à une étude approfondie des textes politiques, juridiques, théologiques et littéraires du Moyen Age tardif, Randall montre comment les individus ont été définis par des traités d'engagement mutuel, permettant aux dirigeants de conserver le pouvoir par l'approbation de leurs sujets. Ces relations entre les dirigeants et les individus ont évolué avec la montée de la monarchie absolue, conduisant à un changement dans la compréhension de l'individualité de la relation objective avec la communauté à l'existence subjective. L'étude de Randall « L'évolution de l'individualité » commence par le Moyen Age tardif, où les individus étaient perçus comme faisant partie d'une entité communautaire plus grande, avec leur identité et leurs actions déterminées par leurs relations avec les autres. Cette compréhension collectiviste de l'individualité est enracinée dans un système féodal où les seigneurs détiennent le pouvoir sur leurs vassaux et l'Église a le pouvoir sur ses disciples. Cependant, avec la montée de la monarchie absolue, la définition de l'individualité a commencé à changer. s dirigeants ne comptaient plus uniquement sur l'approbation de leurs sujets, mais affirmaient plutôt leur pouvoir par le développement d'une bureaucratie centralisée et la montée d'une armée professionnalisée.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjectivity Introduction En su obra pionera «The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance», Michael Randall ofrece un análisis completo la evolución de la individualidad en el período renacentista, desafiando el punto de vista tradicional de que la era marcó el advenimiento de la autonomía política moderna. A través de un profundo estudio de los textos políticos, jurídicos, teológicos y literarios de finales de la Edad Media, Randall muestra cómo las personalidades fueron definidas por tratados de obligación mutua, permitiendo a los gobernantes conservar el poder mediante la aprobación de sus súbditos. Estas relaciones entre gobernantes e individuos cambiaron con el crecimiento de la monarquía absoluta, llevando a un cambio en la comprensión de la individualidad de las relaciones objetivas con la comunidad al ser subjetivo. estudio de Randall «La evolución de la individualidad» comienza a finales de la Edad Media, donde los individuos eran percibidos como parte de una entidad comunitaria más grande, con su identidad y acciones definidas por sus relaciones con los demás. Esta comprensión colectivista de la individualidad estaba arraigada en el sistema feudal, donde los señores tenían poder sobre sus vasallos, y la Iglesia tenía poder sobre sus seguidores. n embargo, con el crecimiento de la monarquía absoluta, la definición de individualidad comenzó a cambiar. gobernantes ya no dependían exclusivamente de la aprobación de sus súbditos, sino que reclamaban su poder mediante el desarrollo de una burocracia centralizada y el ascenso de un ejército profesionalizado.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: No seu trabalho inovador «The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance», Michael Randall propõe uma análise completa da evolução do indivíduo durante o Renascimento, desafiando a visão tradicional de que a era é uma época marcou o surgimento de uma autonomia política moderna. Através de um profundo estudo dos textos políticos, legais, teológicos e literários da Idade Média tardia, Randall mostra como as personalidades foram definidas por tratados de obrigação mútua, permitindo aos governantes manter o poder através da aprovação dos seus súditos. Essa relação entre os governantes e os indivíduos mudou com o crescimento da monarquia absoluta, levando a uma mudança na compreensão da individualidade da relação objetiva com a comunidade para a existência subjetiva. O estudo de Randall, «A evolução do indivíduo», começa na Idade Média tardia, onde os indivíduos eram vistos como parte de uma entidade comunitária maior, com sua identidade e ações determinadas por suas relações com os outros. Essa compreensão coletiva da individualidade corroeu-se num sistema feudal onde os senhores mantinham o poder sobre seus vassalos e a Igreja tinha o poder sobre seus seguidores. No entanto, com o crescimento da monarquia absoluta, a definição da individualidade começou a mudar. Os governantes já não dependiam apenas da aprovação dos seus súditos, mas, em vez disso, afirmavam o seu poder através do desenvolvimento de uma burocracia centralizada e da ascensão de um exército profissionalizado.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjezionity Introduction Nel suo lavoro innovativo, The Gargantuan Polity On The Individuo and the Community in the French Renassance, Michael Randall offre un'analisi completa dell'evoluzione individuale nel periodo rinascimentale, sfidando il punto di vista tradizionale che l'epoca è ha segnato la nascita di un'autonomia politica moderna. Attraverso uno studio approfondito dei testi politici, giuridici, teologici e letterari del tardo Medioevo, Randall mostra come le personalità siano state definite da trattati di impegno reciproco, permettendo ai governanti di mantenere il potere attraverso l'approvazione dei loro sudditi. Questi rapporti tra governanti e individui sono cambiati con la crescita della monarchia assoluta, portando a un cambiamento nella comprensione dell'individualità dal rapporto oggettivo con la comunità all'esistenza soggettiva. La ricerca di Randall, «L'evoluzione dell'individualità», inizia nel tardo Medioevo, dove gli individui sono stati percepiti come parte di un'entità comunitaria più grande, con la loro identità e le loro azioni determinate dal loro rapporto con gli altri. Questa comprensione collettiva dell'individualità si corrode in un sistema feudale dove i signori tenevano il potere sui loro vassalli e la Chiesa aveva il potere sui suoi seguaci. Ma con la crescita della monarchia assoluta, la definizione dell'individualità si è spostata. I governanti non si affidavano più esclusivamente all'approvazione dei loro sudditi, ma invece sostenevano il loro potere attraverso lo sviluppo di una burocrazia centralizzata e il rilancio di un esercito professionalizzato.
The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance: A Study of Evolution and Subjectivity Introduction In seiner bahnbrechenden Arbeit „The Gargantuan Polity On the Individual and the Community in the French Renaissance“ bietet Michael Randall eine umfassende Analyse der Evolution der Individualität während der Renaissance und fordert die traditionelle chtweise heraus, dass die Ära die Entstehung der modernen politische Autonomie. Durch eine eingehende Untersuchung der politischen, rechtlichen, theologischen und literarischen Texte des späten Mittelalters zeigt Randall, wie Individuen durch gegenseitige Verpflichtungsverträge definiert wurden und es den Herrschern ermöglichten, durch die Zustimmung ihrer Untertanen an der Macht zu bleiben. Diese Beziehung zwischen Herrschern und Individuen änderte sich mit dem Aufstieg der absoluten Monarchie und führte zu einer Verschiebung des Verständnisses der Individualität von der objektiven Beziehung zur Gemeinschaft zum subjektiven Sein. Randalls Studie „Evolution der Individualität“ beginnt im späten Mittelalter, wo Individuen als Teil eines größeren gemeinschaftlichen Wesens wahrgenommen wurden, mit ihren Identitäten und Handlungen, die durch ihre Beziehungen zu anderen bestimmt wurden. Dieses kollektivistische Verständnis von Individualität wurzelte in einem feudalen System, in dem die Herren die Macht über ihre Vasallen behielten und die Kirche die Macht über ihre Anhänger hatte. Mit dem Aufstieg der absoluten Monarchie begann sich jedoch die Definition der Individualität zu verschieben. Die Herrscher stützten sich nicht mehr allein auf die Zustimmung ihrer Untertanen, sondern behaupteten ihre Macht durch die Entwicklung einer zentralisierten Bürokratie und den Aufstieg einer professionalisierten Armee.
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Fransız Rönesansında Birey ve Toplum Üzerine Gargantuan Politikası: Evrim ve Öznellik Üzerine Bir İnceleme Giriş Michael Randall, "Fransız Rönesansında Birey ve Toplum Üzerine Gargantuan Politikası'adlı çığır açan çalışmasında, Rönesans döneminde bireyselliğin evriminin kapsamlı bir analizini sunarak, dönemin modern siyasi özerkliğin ortaya çıkışını işaret ettiği geleneksel görüşe meydan okuyor. Geç Orta Çağ'ın siyasi, yasal, teolojik ve edebi metinlerini derinlemesine inceleyen Randall, kişiliklerin karşılıklı yükümlülük anlaşmalarıyla nasıl tanımlandığını ve yöneticilerin konularının onayıyla iktidarı elinde tutmalarına izin verdiğini gösteriyor. Yöneticiler ve bireyler arasındaki bu ilişki, mutlak monarşinin büyümesiyle değişti ve bireysellik anlayışının toplulukla nesnel ilişkilerden öznel varlığa kaymasına yol açtı. Randall'ın çalışması "Bireyselliğin Evrimi", bireylerin kimlikleri ve eylemleri başkalarıyla olan ilişkileri tarafından belirlenen daha büyük bir toplumsal varlığın parçası olarak algılandığı Orta Çağ'ın sonlarında başlar. Bireyselliğin bu kolektivist anlayışı, seigneurların vasalları üzerinde güç sahibi olduğu ve Kilise'nin takipçileri üzerinde güç sahibi olduğu feodal bir sisteme dayanıyordu. Bununla birlikte, mutlak monarşinin yükselişiyle, bireysellik tanımı değişmeye başladı. Yöneticiler artık yalnızca tebaalarının onayına dayanmıyor, bunun yerine merkezi bir bürokrasinin geliştirilmesi ve profesyonelleşmiş bir ordunun yükselişi yoluyla otoritelerini ileri sürüyorlardı.
سياسة Gargantuan على الفرد والمجتمع في النهضة الفرنسية: دراسة مقدمة للتطور والذاتية في عمله الرائد «السياسة العملاقة على الفرد والمجتمع في عصر النهضة الفرنسية»، يقدم مايكل راندال تحليلاً شاملاً لتطور الفردية خلال عصر النهضة، متحديًا الرأي التقليدي بأن العصر ميز ظهور الاستقلال السياسي الحديث. من خلال دراسة عميقة للنصوص السياسية والقانونية واللاهوتية والأدبية في أواخر العصور الوسطى، يوضح راندال كيف تم تعريف الشخصيات من خلال معاهدات الالتزام المتبادل، مما سمح للحكام بالاحتفاظ بالسلطة من خلال الموافقة على رعاياهم. تغيرت هذه العلاقة بين الحكام والأفراد مع نمو الملكية المطلقة، مما أدى إلى تحول في فهم الفردية من العلاقات الموضوعية مع المجتمع إلى الكائن الذاتي. بدأت دراسة راندال «تطور الفردية» في أواخر العصور الوسطى، حيث كان يُنظر إلى الأفراد على أنهم جزء من كيان مجتمعي أكبر، مع تحديد هويتهم وأفعالهم من خلال علاقاتهم مع الآخرين. كان هذا الفهم الجماعي للفردية متجذرًا في نظام إقطاعي حيث كان للسياطين السلطة على تابعيهم وسيطرت الكنيسة على أتباعهم. ومع ذلك، مع صعود الملكية المطلقة، بدأ تعريف الفردية في التحول. لم يعد الحكام يعتمدون فقط على موافقة رعاياهم، بل أكدوا سلطتهم من خلال تطوير بيروقراطية مركزية وصعود جيش محترف.

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