BOOKS - Smarter Growth: Activism and Environmental Policy in Metropolitan Washington
Smarter Growth: Activism and Environmental Policy in Metropolitan Washington - John H. Spiers April 17, 2018 PDF  BOOKS
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Smarter Growth: Activism and Environmental Policy in Metropolitan Washington
Author: John H. Spiers
Year: April 17, 2018
Format: PDF
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Book Description: Smarter Growth Activism and Environmental Policy in Metropolitan Washington Author: John H. Spiers Publication Year: 2022 Pages: 352 Genre: Environmental Studies, Urban Planning, Political Science Summary: Suburban sprawl has been the defining feature of metropolitan America's growth and development since 1945, with the construction of homes, businesses, and highways symbolizing the nation's economic prosperity but also contributing to the degradation of the environment and the erosion of agricultural land. This has led to fierce activism from local, state, and national environmental groups seeking to influence planning and policy. In Smarter Growth, John H. Spiers argues that civic and social activists played a crucial role in pushing state and local officials to address the environmental and fiscal costs of growth, highlighting two periods of heightened environmental consciousness in the early to mid-1970s and the late 1990s that resulted in stronger development regulations and land preservation across much of metropolitan Washington.
Активность более разумного роста и экологическая политика в столичном Вашингтоне Автор: Джон Х. Спайрс Год публикации: 2022 Страницы: 352 Жанр: экологические исследования, городское планирование, политология Резюме: Разрастание пригородов было определяющей чертой роста и развития столичной Америки с 1945 года, когда строительство домов, предприятий и шоссе символизировало экономическое процветание страны, но также способствовало деградации окружающей среды и эрозии сельскохозяйственных земель. Это привело к ожесточенной активности местных, государственных и национальных экологических групп, стремящихся влиять на планирование и политику. В «Более разумном росте» Джон Х. Спайрс утверждает, что гражданские и социальные активисты сыграли решающую роль в подталкивании государственных и местных чиновников к решению экологических и бюджетных издержек роста, выделяя два периода повышенного экологического сознания в начале-середине 1970-х и конце 1990-х годов, которые привели к усилению правил развития и сохранению земель в большей части столичного Вашингтона.
L'activité d'une croissance plus intelligente et la politique environnementale dans la capitale Washington Auteur : John H. Spires Année de publication : 2022 Pages : 352 Genre : études environnementales, urbanisme, sciences politiques Résumé : L'expansion des banlieues a été une caractéristique déterminante de la croissance et du développement de l'Amérique métropolitaine depuis 1945, lorsque la construction de maisons, d'entreprises et d'autoroutes a symbolisé la prospérité économique du pays, mais a également contribué à la dégradation de l'environnement et à l'érosion des terres agricoles. Cela a conduit à une forte activité des groupes environnementaux locaux, étatiques et nationaux qui cherchent à influencer la planification et les politiques. Dans The Smart Growth, John H. Spires affirme que les activistes civils et sociaux ont joué un rôle crucial en poussant les autorités publiques et locales à s'attaquer aux coûts environnementaux et budgétaires de la croissance, en mettant en évidence deux périodes de prise de conscience environnementale accrue au début et au milieu des années 1970 et à la fin des années 1990, qui ont conduit à des règles plus strictes de développement et de conservation des terres dans une grande partie de Washington.
Actividad de crecimiento más inteligente y política ambiental en la capital de Washington Autor: John H. Spires Año de publicación: 2022 Páginas: 352 Género: estudios ambientales, planificación urbana, ciencias políticas Resumen: La expansión de los suburbios ha sido un rasgo determinante del crecimiento y desarrollo de la América metropolitana desde 1945, cuando la construcción de casas, negocios y autopistas simbolizaron la prosperidad económica del país, pero también contribuyeron a la degradación ambiental y la erosión de las tierras agrícolas. Esto ha llevado a una intensa actividad de grupos ambientales locales, estatales y nacionales que buscan influir en la planificación y las políticas. En «Un crecimiento más inteligente», John H. Spires sostiene que los activistas civiles y sociales jugaron un papel crucial en empujar a los funcionarios estatales y locales a abordar los costos ambientales y presupuestarios del crecimiento, destacando dos períodos de mayor conciencia ambiental a principios y mediados de la década de 1970 y finales de la década de 1990 que condujeron al fortalecimiento de las reglas de desarrollo y conservación de tierras en gran parte de la capital de Washington.
Atividade de crescimento mais inteligente e política ambiental na capital Washington Autor: John H. Spires Ano de publicação 2022 Páginas: 352 Gênero: Pesquisa Ambiental, Planejamento Urbano, Ciência Política Resumo: A expansão dos subúrbios tem sido uma característica determinante do crescimento e desenvolvimento da América Metropolitana desde 1945, quando a construção de casas, empresas e estradas simbolizou a prosperidade econômica do país, mas também contribuiu para a degradação ambiental e a erosão das terras agrícolas. Isso levou a uma intensa atividade de grupos ambientais locais, estaduais e nacionais que buscam influenciar o planejamento e as políticas. No «Crescimento mais razoável», John H. Spires afirma que ativistas civis e sociais foram decisivos para impulsionar os funcionários públicos e locais a lidar com os custos ambientais e orçamentários do crescimento, destacando dois períodos de maior consciência ambiental no início e meados dos anos 1970, que levaram ao fortalecimento das regras de desenvolvimento e conservação das terras na maior parte da capital Washington.
Attività di crescita più intelligente e politica ambientale nella capitale Washington Autore: John H. Spyres Anno di pubblicazione 2022 Pagine: 352 Genere: ricerca ambientale, pianificazione urbana, scienze politiche Riepilogo: La crescita dei sobborghi è stata una caratteristica determinante della crescita e dello sviluppo dell'America metropolitana dal 1945, quando la costruzione di case, aziende e autostrade ha simboleggiato la prosperità economica del paese, ma anche contribuito al degrado ambientale e all'erosione dei terreni agricoli. Ciò ha portato alla ferocia di gruppi ambientalisti locali, statali e nazionali che cercano di influenzare la pianificazione e la politica. In «Crescita più ragionevole», John H. Spyres sostiene che gli attivisti civili e sociali hanno contribuito in modo decisivo a spingere i funzionari governativi e locali ad affrontare i costi ambientali e fiscali della crescita, evidenziando due periodi di maggiore consapevolezza ambientale nei primi-metà degli anni Settanta e alla fine degli anni Novanta, che hanno portato a regole più forti per lo sviluppo e la conservazione dei terreni in gran parte della capitale Washington.
Intelligenteres Wachstum und Umweltpolitik in der Hauptstadt Washington D.C. Autor: John H. Spyres Erscheinungsjahr: 2022 Seiten: 352 Genre: Umweltstudien, Stadtplanung, Politikwissenschaft Zusammenfassung: Die Zersiedelung der Vororte war seit 1945 ein bestimmendes Merkmal für das Wachstum und die Entwicklung der amerikanischen Metropole, als der Bau von Häusern, Unternehmen und Autobahnen den wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand des Landes symbolisierte, aber auch zur Umweltzerstörung und zur Erosion landwirtschaftlicher Flächen beitrug. Dies hat zu heftigen Aktivitäten lokaler, staatlicher und nationaler Umweltgruppen geführt, die Planung und Politik beeinflussen wollen. In „Intelligenteres Wachstum“ argumentiert John H. Spyres, dass Bürger- und Sozialaktivisten eine entscheidende Rolle dabei spielten, Regierungs- und Kommunalbeamte dazu zu bringen, die Umwelt- und Haushaltskosten des Wachstums anzugehen, indem sie zwei Perioden erhöhten Umweltbewusstseins Anfang bis Mitte der 1970er und Ende der 1990er Jahre hervorhoben, die in weiten Teilen der Hauptstadt Washington zu verstärkten Entwicklungsregeln und Landschutz führten.
פעילות צמיחה חכמה יותר ומדיניות סביבתית במטרופוליטן וושינגטון סופר: ספיירס (John H. Spires Year) פורסם: 2022 Pages: 352 Jenre: Environment Studies, Urban Planning, Political Science Summary: התפשטות פרברית היא מאפיין מכונן של הצמיחה והפיתוח של אמריקה המטרופוליטנית מאז 1945, כאשר בניית בתים, עסקים וכבישים מהירים סימלו את השגשוג הכלכלי של המדינה, אך תרמו גם להשפלה סביבתית ולשחיקת קרקעות חקלאיות. הדבר הוביל לאקטיביזם עז מצד קבוצות סביבתיות מקומיות, ממלכתיות ולאומיות המבקשות להשפיע על תכנון ומדיניות. ב ”צמיחה חכמה יותר”, ג 'ון ספיירס (John H. Spires) טוען כי פעילים אזרחיים וחברתיים מילאו תפקיד קריטי בדחיפת פקידי מדינה ומקומיים הדגשת שתי תקופות של מודעות סביבתית מוגברת בתחילת אמצע שנות ה-70 ובסוף שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-20, שהובילו להגברת תקנות הפיתוח ושימור הקרקע במטרופולין וושינגטון.''
Metropolitan Washington'da Daha Akıllı Büyüme Etkinliği ve Çevre Politikası Yazar: John H. Spires Yıl yayınlanan: 2022 Sayfalar: 352 Tür: Çevre Çalışmaları, Kentsel Planlama, yaset Bilimi Özet: Banliyö yayılımı, 1945'ten bu yana metropol Amerika'nın büyümesinin ve gelişmesinin belirleyici bir özelliği olmuştur; evler, işletmeler ve otoyollar ülkenin ekonomik refahını sembolize ederken, aynı zamanda çevresel bozulmaya ve tarımsal arazi erozyonuna da katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu, planlama ve politikayı etkilemek isteyen yerel, eyalet ve ulusal çevre grupları tarafından şiddetli aktivizme yol açmıştır. "Daha Akıllı Büyüme'de John H. Spires, sivil ve sosyal aktivistlerin devlet ve yerel yetkilileri büyümenin çevresel ve bütçe maliyetlerini ele almaya itmede kritik bir rol oynadığını savunuyor. 1970'lerin başlarından ortalarına kadar ve 1990'ların sonlarında, Washington metropolünün çoğunda kalkınma düzenlemelerinin ve arazi korumasının artmasına yol açan iki yüksek çevre bilinci dönemini vurgulayarak.
نشاط النمو الأكثر ذكاءً والسياسة البيئية في متروبوليتان واشنطن المؤلف: نشر John H. Spires Year: 2022 Pages: 352 Genre: Environmental Studies، Urban Planning، Political Science Summary: كان امتداد الضواحي سمة مميزة للنمو والتنمية في العاصمة الأمريكية منذ عام 1945، عندما كان بناء المنازل والشركات والطرق السريعة يرمز إلى الازدهار الاقتصادي للبلاد ولكنه ساهم أيضًا في التدهور البيئي وتآكل الأراضي الزراعية. وقد أدى ذلك إلى نشاط شرس من قبل الجماعات البيئية المحلية والولائية والوطنية التي تسعى للتأثير على التخطيط والسياسة. في «النمو الأكثر ذكاءً»، يجادل جون إتش سبايرز بأن النشطاء المدنيين والاجتماعيين لعبوا دورًا حاسمًا في دفع المسؤولين الحكوميين والمحليين لمعالجة التكاليف البيئية والمتعلقة بالميزانية للنمو، تسليط الضوء على فترتين من الوعي البيئي المتزايد في أوائل السبعينيات وأواخر التسعينيات مما أدى إلى زيادة أنظمة التنمية وحفظ الأراضي في جزء كبير من العاصمة واشنطن.
수도권 저자의 똑똑한 성장 활동 및 환경 정책: John H. Spires Year 출판: 2022 페이지: 352 장르: 환경 연구, 도시 계획, 정치 과학 요약: 교외 확산은 1945 년 이래 주택, 기업 및 고속도로를 건설하는 것이 국가의 경제 번영을 상징했지만 환경 파괴와 농지 침식에 기여한 1945 년 이래 대도시 미국의 성장과 발전의 특징이었습니다. 이로 인해 계획과 정책에 영향을 미치려는 지역, 주 및 국가 환경 단체의 치열한 행동주의가 이루어졌습니다. "Smarter Growth" 에서 John H. Spires는 시민 및 사회 운동가들이 환경 및 예산 성장 비용을 해결하기 위해 주 및 지방 공무원을 추진하는 데 중요한 역할을했다고 주장합니다. 1970 년대 초반에서 1990 년대 후반까지 두 차례의 환경 인식이 강화되어 워싱턴 대도시의 많은 지역에서 개발 규정과 토지 보존이 증가했습니다.
華盛頓大都會更明智的增長活動和環境政策作者: John H. Spires出版份:2022頁:352流派:環境研究、城市規劃、政治學摘要: 自1945以來,郊區的擴張一直是美國大都市增長和發展的決定性特征,當時房屋,企業和高速公路的建設象征著美國的經濟繁榮,但也導致了環境退化和農業用地的侵蝕。這導致了尋求影響規劃和政策的地方,州和國家環境團體的激烈活動。約翰·斯皮爾斯(John H. Spires)在《更明智的增長》中指出,公民和社會活動家在推動州和地方官員解決增長的環境和預算成本方面發揮了關鍵作用,強調了1970代初至中期和1990代後期兩個時期的環境意識增強,從而加強了華盛頓大都市地區的開發和土地保護法規。

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