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Calculations
Author: Allan R. Millett
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 2.1 MB
Language: English



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Calculations: Understanding the Evolution of Technology for Survival In the 1990s, our political world is witnessing a shift towards a multipolar international system, much like the system in place at the dawn of World War II. As then, accurately evaluating our own and our enemies' capabilities has become essential for political and defense policy makers. In this multipolar world, there are few certainties, and preparedness is critical. The book "Calculations" provides a comprehensive analysis of how seven major belligerent nations of World War II - the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union - determined their own and their enemies' military capacity, and how these assessments influenced their decisions to go to war or avoid it. The book examines the projected performance of armed forces, military technology, and hardware, but also takes into account the whole spectrum of economic, military, and political power, ideology, and leaders. It demonstrates how these factors interacted in charting a nation's course and determining its fate. The authors provide unique and fascinating perspectives on how international relations worked in the highly charged diplomatic and military arenas of the 1930s, rooted firmly in historical context rather than abstract theory.
Расчеты: понимание эволюции технологий для выживания В 1990-х годах в нашем политическом мире наблюдается сдвиг в сторону многополярной международной системы, очень похожей на систему, существовавшую на заре Второй мировой войны. В этом многополярном мире мало определенности, и готовность имеет решающее значение. В книге «Расчеты» дается всесторонний анализ того, как семь основных воюющих стран Второй мировой войны - США, Великобритания, Франция, Германия, Италия, Япония и Советский Союз - определили свой военный потенциал и военный потенциал своих врагов, и как эти оценки повлияли на их решения пойти на войну или избежать ее. Книга рассматривает прогнозируемую эффективность вооруженных сил, военных технологий и оборудования, но также учитывает весь спектр экономической, военной и политической власти, идеологии и лидеров. Это демонстрирует, как эти факторы взаимодействовали при определении курса нации и определении ее судьбы. Авторы предлагают уникальные и увлекательные перспективы того, как международные отношения работали на весьма заряженных дипломатических и военных аренах 1930-х годов, прочно укоренившихся в историческом контексте, а не в абстрактной теории.
Calculs : Comprendre l'évolution des technologies de survie Dans les années 1990, notre monde politique a connu un virage vers un système international multipolaire très semblable à celui qui existait à l'aube de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il y a peu de certitude dans ce monde multipolaire et la préparation est cruciale. livre Calculs fournit une analyse complète de la façon dont les sept principaux pays belligérants de la Seconde Guerre mondiale - les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne, la France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie, le Japon et l'Union soviétique - ont déterminé leurs capacités militaires et celles de leurs ennemis, et comment ces estimations ont influencé leurs décisions d'entrer en guerre ou d'y échapper. livre examine l'efficacité prévue des forces armées, de la technologie et de l'équipement militaires, mais tient également compte de l'ensemble des pouvoirs économiques, militaires et politiques, de l'idéologie et des dirigeants. Cela montre comment ces facteurs ont interagi pour déterminer le cours d'une nation et déterminer son destin. s auteurs offrent des perspectives uniques et fascinantes sur la façon dont les relations internationales ont fonctionné dans les arènes diplomatiques et militaires très chargées des années 1930, fermement ancrées dans un contexte historique plutôt que dans une théorie abstraite.
Cálculos: comprender la evolución de la tecnología para la supervivencia En la década de 1990, nuestro mundo político experimentó un cambio hacia un sistema internacional multipolar muy similar al que existía en los albores de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Hay poca certeza en este mundo multipolar y la preparación es crucial. libro «Cálculos» proporciona un análisis exhaustivo de cómo los siete principales países en guerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial - Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón y la Unión Soviética - identificaron su capacidad militar y la de sus enemigos, y cómo estas estimaciones influyeron en sus decisiones de ir a la guerra o evitarla. libro examina la eficacia proyectada de las fuerzas armadas, la tecnología militar y el equipo, pero también tiene en cuenta todo el espectro del poder económico, militar y político, la ideología y los líderes. Esto demuestra cómo estos factores interactuaron para determinar el rumbo de una nación y determinar su destino. autores ofrecen perspectivas únicas y fascinantes de cómo funcionaron las relaciones internacionales en los muy cargados escenarios diplomáticos y militares de los 30, firmemente arraigados en el contexto histórico y no en la teoría abstracta.
Calcoli: comprensione dell'evoluzione tecnologica per la sopravvivenza Negli annì 90, il nostro mondo politico ha visto un cambiamento verso un sistema internazionale multipolare molto simile a quello della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Ci sono poche certezze in questo mondo multipolare e la preparazione è fondamentale. Il libro Calcoli fornisce un'analisi completa di come i sette principali paesi in guerra nella seconda guerra mondiale - Stati Uniti, Regno Unito, Francia, Germania, Italia, Giappone e Unione Sovietica - hanno definito la loro capacità militare e quella militare dei loro nemici, e come queste valutazioni hanno influenzato le loro decisioni di andare in guerra o di evitarla. Il libro considera l'efficacia prevista delle forze armate, delle tecnologie militari e delle attrezzature, ma tiene conto anche dell'intero spettro di potere economico, militare e politico, ideologia e leader. Ciò dimostra come questi fattori interagissero nel definire la rotta della nazione e nel determinarne il destino. Gli autori offrono prospettive uniche e affascinanti sul modo in cui le relazioni internazionali hanno lavorato su arene diplomatiche e militari molto cariche degli annì 30, radicate in un contesto storico piuttosto che in una teoria astratta.
Berechnungen: Die Entwicklung der Technologie zum Überleben verstehen In den 1990er Jahren vollzog sich in unserer politischen Welt eine Verschiebung hin zu einem multipolaren internationalen System, das dem System zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs sehr ähnlich war. In dieser multipolaren Welt gibt es wenig Gewissheit, und Bereitschaft ist entscheidend. Das Buch Berechnungen bietet eine umfassende Analyse, wie die sieben wichtigsten kriegführenden Länder des Zweiten Weltkriegs - die Vereinigten Staaten, Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Japan und die Sowjetunion - ihre militärischen Fähigkeiten und die ihrer Feinde bestimmt haben und wie diese Schätzungen ihre Entscheidungen beeinflusst haben, in den Krieg zu ziehen oder ihn zu vermeiden. Das Buch untersucht die prognostizierte Wirksamkeit von Streitkräften, Militärtechnologie und Ausrüstung, berücksichtigt aber auch das gesamte Spektrum wirtschaftlicher, militärischer und politischer Macht, Ideologie und Führung. Dies zeigt, wie diese Faktoren interagierten, um den Kurs einer Nation zu bestimmen und ihr Schicksal zu bestimmen. Die Autoren bieten einzigartige und faszinierende Perspektiven darauf, wie internationale Beziehungen in den hochgeladenen diplomatischen und militärischen Arenen der 1930er Jahre funktionierten, die fest im historischen Kontext und nicht in der abstrakten Theorie verwurzelt waren.
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Hesaplamalar: Hayatta Kalmak İçin Teknolojinin Evrimini Anlamak 1990'larda, politik dünyamız, II. Dünya Savaşı'nın başlangıcında var olan sisteme çok benzeyen çok kutuplu bir uluslararası sisteme doğru bir kayma gördü. "Hesaplamalar" kitabı, II. Dünya Savaşı'nın yedi büyük savaşan ülkesinin - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, İtalya, Japonya ve Sovyetler Birliği - askeri yeteneklerini ve düşmanlarınınkini nasıl belirlediğini ve bu değerlendirmelerin savaşa gitme veya ondan kaçınma kararlarını nasıl etkilediğini kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz eder. Kitap, askeri, askeri teknoloji ve teçhizatın öngörülen etkinliğine bakmakla birlikte, aynı zamanda ekonomik, askeri ve politik güç, ideoloji ve liderlerin tamamını da göz önünde bulunduruyor. Bu, bu faktörlerin bir ulusun gidişatını belirlemede ve kaderini belirlemede nasıl etkileşime girdiğini göstermektedir. Yazarlar, uluslararası ilişkilerin 1930'ların son derece yüklü diplomatik ve askeri alanlarında nasıl işlediğine dair, soyut teoriden ziyade tarihsel bağlamda sağlam bir şekilde kökleşmiş benzersiz ve büyüleyici bakış açıları sunuyor.
حسابات |: فهم تطور التكنولوجيا من أجل البقاء في التسعينيات، شهد عالمنا السياسي تحولًا نحو نظام دولي متعدد الأقطاب، تمامًا مثل النظام الذي كان موجودًا في فجر الحرب العالمية الثانية. هناك القليل من اليقين في هذا العالم متعدد الأقطاب، والاستعداد أمر بالغ الأهمية. يقدم كتاب «الحسابات» تحليلاً شاملاً لكيفية قيام الدول السبع المحاربة الرئيسية في الحرب العالمية الثانية - الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا وفرنسا وألمانيا وإيطاليا واليابان والاتحاد السوفيتي - بتحديد قدراتها العسكرية وقدرات أعدائها، وكيف أثرت هذه التقييمات على قراراتهم بالذهاب إلى الحرب أو تجنبها. يبحث الكتاب في الفعالية المتوقعة للجيش والتكنولوجيا العسكرية والمعدات، ولكنه يبحث أيضًا في النطاق الكامل للسلطة الاقتصادية والعسكرية والسياسية والأيديولوجية والقادة. هذا يوضح كيف تفاعلت هذه العوامل في تحديد مسار الأمة وتحديد مصيرها. يقدم المؤلفون وجهات نظر فريدة ورائعة حول كيفية عمل العلاقات الدولية في الساحات الدبلوماسية والعسكرية المشحونة للغاية في الثلاثينيات، والمتجذرة بقوة في السياق التاريخي بدلاً من النظرية المجردة.

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