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Medicine in the Talmud: Natural and Supernatural Therapies between Magic and Science - Jason Sion Mokhtarian July 12, 2022 PDF  BOOKS
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Medicine in the Talmud: Natural and Supernatural Therapies between Magic and Science
Author: Jason Sion Mokhtarian
Year: July 12, 2022
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 5.1 MB
Language: English



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Despite the Talmud being the richest repository of medical remedies in ancient Judaism, this important strain of Jewish thought has been largely ignored, even as the study of ancient medicine has exploded in recent years. In a comprehensive study of this topic, Jason Sion Mokhtarian recuperates this obscure genre of Talmudic text, which has been marginalized in the Jewish tradition since the Middle Ages, to reveal the unexpected depth of the rabbis' medical knowledge. "Medicine in the Talmud" argues that these therapies represent a form of rabbinic scientific rationality that relied on human observation and the use of nature while downplaying the role of God and the Torah in health and illness. Drawing from a wide range of both Jewish and Sasanian sources, from the Bible, the Talmud, and Maimonides, to texts written in Akkadian, Syriac, and Mandaic, as well as the incantation bowls, Mokhtarian offers rare insight into how the rabbis of late antique Babylonia adapted the medical knowledge of their time to address the needs of their community. In the process, he narrates an untold chapter in the history of ancient medicine. The book "Medicine in the Talmud" is a groundbreaking study that sheds light on the forgotten medical practices of the rabbis of late antique Babylonia.
Несмотря на то, что Талмуд является самым богатым хранилищем медицинских средств в древнем иудаизме, этот важный штамм еврейской мысли в значительной степени игнорируется, даже несмотря на то, что изучение древней медицины в последние годы резко возросло. Во всестороннем исследовании этой темы Джейсон Сион Мохтарян восстанавливает этот неясный жанр талмудического текста, который был маргинализирован в еврейской традиции со Средних веков, чтобы выявить неожиданную глубину медицинских знаний раввинов. «Медицина в Талмуде» утверждает, что эти методы лечения представляют собой форму раввинской научной рациональности, которая опиралась на человеческое наблюдение и использование природы, преуменьшая роль Бога и Торы в здоровье и болезни. Опираясь на широкий спектр как еврейских, так и сасанидских источников, от Библии, Талмуда и Маймонида, до текстов, написанных на аккадском, сирийском и мандейском языках, а также чаш для заклинаний, Мохтарян предлагает редкое понимание того, как раввины поздней античной Вавилонии адаптировали медицинские знания своего времени для удовлетворения потребностей своей общины. В процессе он повествует о несметной главе истории древней медицины. Книга «Медицина в Талмуде» - новаторское исследование, проливающее свет на забытые медицинские практики раввинов позднеантичной Вавилонии.
Bien que le Talmud soit le plus riche dépôt de remèdes médicaux dans le judaïsme antique, cette importante souche de la pensée juive est largement ignorée, même si l'étude de la médecine antique a considérablement augmenté ces dernières années. Dans une étude approfondie du sujet, Jason on Mokhtarian restaure ce genre obscur de texte talmudique qui a été marginalisé dans la tradition juive depuis le Moyen Age pour révéler la profondeur inattendue de la connaissance médicale des rabbins. « La médecine dans le Talmud » affirme que ces traitements sont une forme de rationalité scientifique rabbinique qui reposait sur l'observation humaine et l'utilisation de la nature, minimisant le rôle de Dieu et de la Torah dans la santé et la maladie. S'appuyant sur un large éventail de sources hébraïques et sassanides, allant de la Bible, du Talmud et de Maïmonide, aux textes écrits en akkadien, en syrien et en mandéen, ainsi qu'aux bols de sorts, Mokhtarian offre une rare compréhension de la façon dont les rabbins de la Babylonie antique tardive ont adapté les connaissances médicales de leur époque pour répondre aux besoins de leur communauté. Dans le processus, il raconte un chapitre incommensurable de l'histoire de la médecine ancienne. livre La médecine dans le Talmud est une étude novatrice qui met en lumière les pratiques médicales oubliées des rabbins de Babylonie tardive.
A pesar de que el Talmud es el depósito más rico de remedios médicos en el judaísmo antiguo, esta importante cepa del pensamiento judío se ignora en gran medida, a pesar de que el estudio de la medicina antigua se ha disparado en los últimos . En un amplio estudio de este tema, Jason Zion Mohtarian recupera este oscuro género de texto talmúdico que había sido marginado en la tradición judía desde la Edad Media para revelar la inesperada profundidad del conocimiento médico de los rabinos. La «Medicina en el Talmud» sostiene que estos tratamientos representan una forma de racionalidad científica rabínica que se basó en la observación humana y el uso de la naturaleza, restando importancia al papel de Dios y la Torá en la salud y la enfermedad. Apoyándose en una amplia gama de fuentes tanto judías como sasánidas, desde la Biblia, el Talmud y Maimónides, hasta textos escritos en acadio, sirio y mandeo, así como cuencos para hechizos, Mohtarian ofrece una rara comprensión de cómo los rabinos de la antigua Babilonia tardía adaptaron el conocimiento médico de su tiempo para satisfacer las necesidades de de su comunidad. En el proceso, narra un capítulo inconmensurable de la historia de la medicina antigua. libro «Medicina en el Talmud» es un estudio pionero que arroja luz sobre las prácticas médicas olvidadas de los rabinos de la Babilonia tardíamente antigua.
Nonostante il Talmud sia il più ricco deposito di medicinali nell'antico ebraismo, questo importante ceppo del pensiero ebraico è in gran parte ignorato, anche se lo studio della medicina antica è aumentato drasticamente negli ultimi anni. In una ricerca approfondita su questo tema, Jason on Mohtarian sta ricostruendo questo vago genere di testo talmudico che è stato marginalizzato nella tradizione ebraica fin dal Medioevo per rivelare l'inaspettata profondità della conoscenza medica dei rabbini. La Medicina del Talmud sostiene che questi trattamenti costituiscono una forma di razionalità scientifica rabbinica che si basa sull'osservazione umana e sull'uso della natura, riducendo il ruolo di Dio e della Torah nella salute e nella malattia. Basandosi su una vasta gamma di fonti sia ebraiche che sasanide, dalla Bibbia, al Talmud e al Maimonide, ai testi scritti in Accademia, ria e Mandeo, e alle coperture per incantesimi, Mohtarian offre una rara comprensione di come i rabbini della Babilonia antica abbiano adattato le conoscenze mediche del loro tempo per soddisfare le esigenze della loro comunità. In questo processo parla di un capitolo incalcolabile della storia della medicina antica. Il libro «La medicina a Talmud» è uno studio innovativo che mette in luce le pratiche mediche dimenticate dei rabbini della Babilonia tardiva.
Obwohl der Talmud der reichste Vorrat an medizinischen Hilfsmitteln im alten Judentum ist, wird dieser wichtige Stamm jüdischen Denkens weitgehend ignoriert, obwohl das Studium der alten Medizin in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen hat. In einer umfassenden Untersuchung dieses Themas rekonstruiert Jason Zion Mokhtaryan dieses obskure Genre des talmudischen Textes, das seit dem Mittelalter in der jüdischen Tradition marginalisiert wurde, um die unerwartete Tiefe des medizinischen Wissens der Rabbiner aufzudecken. Die Medizin im Talmud behauptet, dass diese Behandlungen eine Form der rabbinischen wissenschaftlichen Rationalität darstellen, die sich auf die menschliche Beobachtung und Nutzung der Natur stützte und die Rolle von Gott und der Thora in Gesundheit und Krankheit herunterspielte. Basierend auf einer breiten Palette von jüdischen und sassanidischen Quellen, von der Bibel, dem Talmud und Maimonides bis hin zu Texten in akkadischer, syrischer und mandäischer Sprache sowie Zauberschalen, bietet Mokhtarian einen seltenen Einblick in die Art und Weise, wie die Rabbiner des späten antiken Babyloniens das medizinische Wissen ihrer Zeit angepasst haben, um den Bedürfnissen ihrer Gemeinde gerecht zu werden. Dabei erzählt er von einem unzähligen Kapitel der Geschichte der antiken Medizin. Das Buch Medizin im Talmud ist eine bahnbrechende Studie, die die vergessenen medizinischen Praktiken der Rabbiner des spätantiken Babyloniens beleuchtet.
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Talmud, eski Yahudilikteki en zengin tıbbi malzeme deposu olmasına rağmen, Yahudi düşüncesinin bu önemli türü, eski tıp çalışmaları son yıllarda çarpıcı bir şekilde artmış olsa bile, büyük ölçüde göz ardı edilmektedir. Konuyla ilgili kapsamlı bir çalışmada, Jason Zion Mohtarian, Orta Çağ'dan beri Yahudi geleneğinde beklenmedik bir rabinik tıbbi bilgi derinliği ortaya çıkarmak için marjinalize edilen bu belirsiz Talmudik metin türünü kurtarıyor. "Talmud'da Tıp", bu tedavilerin, insan gözlemine ve doğanın kullanımına dayanan, Tanrı'nın ve Tora'nın sağlık ve hastalıktaki rolünü küçümseyen bir rabinik bilimsel rasyonellik biçimi olduğunu savunuyor. İncil, Talmud ve Maimonides'ten Akad, Süryanice ve Mandaca yazılmış metinlere ve yazım kaselerine kadar geniş bir yelpazede hem İbranice hem de Sasani kaynaklarından yararlanan Mokhtarian, geç eski Babil hahamlarının, zamanlarının tıbbi bilgilerini topluluklarının ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için nasıl uyarladıklarına dair nadir bir fikir veriyor. Bu süreçte, antik tıp tarihinin sayısız bir bölümünü anlatıyor. "Talmud'da Tıp" kitabı, geç antik Babil'in hahamlarının unutulmuş tıbbi uygulamalarına ışık tutan öncü bir çalışmadır.
على الرغم من أن التلمود هو أغنى مستودع للإمدادات الطبية في اليهودية القديمة، إلا أن هذه السلالة المهمة من الفكر اليهودي يتم تجاهلها إلى حد كبير، حتى مع زيادة دراسة الطب القديم بشكل كبير في السنوات الأخيرة. في دراسة شاملة للموضوع، استعاد جيسون زيون محتريان هذا النوع الغامض من النص التلمودي، الذي تم تهميشه في التقاليد اليهودية منذ العصور الوسطى ليكشف عن عمق غير متوقع للمعرفة الطبية الحاخامية. يجادل «الطب في التلمود» بأن هذه العلاجات هي شكل من أشكال العقلانية العلمية الحاخامية التي اعتمدت على الملاحظة البشرية واستخدام الطبيعة، مما يقلل من دور الله والتوراة في الصحة والمرض. بالاعتماد على مجموعة واسعة من المصادر العبرية والساسانية، من الكتاب المقدس والتلمود وميمون، إلى النصوص المكتوبة بالأكادية والسريانية والمندائية، بالإضافة إلى أوعية التهجئة، يقدم مختاريان نظرة ثاقبة نادرة حول كيفية تكييف حاخامات بابل القديمة مع المعرفة الطبية من وقتهم لتلبية احتياجات مجتمعهم. في هذه العملية، يروي فصلاً لا يحصى من تاريخ الطب القديم. كتاب «الطب في التلمود» هو دراسة رائدة تسلط الضوء على الممارسات الطبية المنسية للحاخامات في بابل العتيقة الأخيرة.

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