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The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt: From the 7th to the 12th Century - Yaacov Lev April 1, 2020 PDF  BOOKS
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The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt: From the 7th to the 12th Century
Author: Yaacov Lev
Year: April 1, 2020
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 2.5 MB
Language: English



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The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to the 12th Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Possibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Introduction: In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the administration of justice in medieval Egypt, spanning from the 7th to the 12th century. This period witnessed the evolution of a unique judicial system, which was shaped by political and administrative forces. Our focus will be on the four judicial institutions that played a crucial role in the dispensation of justice during this era: the cadi, the court of complaint (mazalim), the police (shurta), and the Islamized market law (hisba). We will also explore the inner workings of the court of complaint during the Fatimid state and how non-Muslim communities contributed to the judicial process. The study of these institutions and their interactions with one another provides valuable insights into the broader questions of religious and social forces that influenced the lives of medieval people in the Middle East, both Muslims and non-Muslims. The Evolution of Judicial Institutions: During the 7th to 9th centuries, a model of judicial administration evolved in medieval Egypt. This period saw the emergence of four key institutions: the cadi, the court of complaint, the police, and the Islamized market law. The cadi was responsible for resolving disputes and administering justice according to Islamic law, while the court of complaint heard grievances from the public and provided a platform for dispute resolution. The police, or shurta, were responsible for maintaining law and order and ensuring criminal justice was served.
The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to XII Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Possibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Introduction: В этой статье мы углубимся в тонкости отправления правосудия в средневековом Египте, охватывающем период с VII по XII век. Этот период стал свидетелем эволюции уникальной судебной системы, которую сформировали политические и административные силы. Наше внимание будет сосредоточено на четырех судебных институтах, которые сыграли решающую роль в отправлении правосудия в эту эпоху: кади, суд по жалобам (мазалим), полиция (шурта) и исламизированный закон о рынке (хисба). Мы также изучим внутреннюю работу суда по жалобе во время государства Фатимидов и то, как немусульманские общины способствовали судебному процессу. Изучение этих институтов и их взаимодействия друг с другом дает ценную информацию о более широких вопросах религиозных и социальных сил, которые повлияли на жизнь средневековых людей на Ближнем Востоке, как мусульман, так и немусульман. Эволюция судебных институтов: В течение VII-IX веков в средневековом Египте развивалась модель судебной администрации. В этот период появились четыре ключевых института: кади, суд по жалобе, полиция и исламизированное рыночное право. Кади отвечал за разрешение споров и отправление правосудия в соответствии с исламским правом, в то время как суд по жалобе заслушивал жалобы общественности и предоставлял платформу для разрешения споров. Полиция, или шурта, отвечала за поддержание правопорядка и обеспечение уголовного правосудия.
L'administration de la justice en Égypte médiévale du 7ème au XII siècle : Une étude de l'évolution, Need, and Posibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Introduction : Dans cet article, nous allons approfondir dans la subtilité de l'administration de la justice dans l'Egypte médiévale, couvrant la période du VIIe au XIIe siècle. Cette période a été marquée par l'évolution d'un système judiciaire unique formé par des forces politiques et administratives. Nous nous concentrerons sur quatre institutions judiciaires qui ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'administration de la justice à cette époque : le cadi, le tribunal des plaintes (mazalim), la police (shurta) et la loi islamisée sur le marché (hisba). Nous examinerons également le fonctionnement interne du tribunal sur la plainte pendant l'État fatimide et la façon dont les communautés non musulmanes ont contribué au processus judiciaire. L'étude de ces institutions et de leurs interactions entre elles fournit des informations précieuses sur les questions plus larges des forces religieuses et sociales qui ont influencé la vie des médiévaux au Moyen-Orient, à la fois musulmans et non musulmans. L'évolution des institutions judiciaires : Au cours des VII-IX siècles, l'Égypte médiévale a développé un modèle d'administration judiciaire. Au cours de cette période, quatre institutions clés sont apparues : le cadi, le tribunal de la plainte, la police et le droit du marché islamisé. Kadi était responsable du règlement des différends et de l'administration de la justice en vertu du droit islamique, tandis que le tribunal de plainte entendait les plaintes du public et offrait une plate-forme de règlement des différends. La police, ou shurta, était responsable du maintien de l'ordre et de la justice pénale.
The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to XII Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Possibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Introducción: En este artículo profundizaremos en los entresijos de la administración de justicia en el Egipto medieval, que abarca el período del siglo VII al XII. Este período fue testigo de la evolución de un sistema judicial único formado por fuerzas políticas y administrativas. Nuestra atención se centrará en las cuatro instituciones judiciales que han jugado un papel crucial en la administración de justicia en esta época: el cadí, el tribunal de quejas (mazalim), la policía (shurta) y la ley del mercado islamizado (hisba). También examinaremos el funcionamiento interno del tribunal de reclamaciones durante el Estado fatimí y cómo las comunidades no musulmanas contribuyeron al proceso judicial. estudio de estas instituciones y sus interacciones entre sí proporciona información valiosa sobre las cuestiones más amplias de las fuerzas religiosas y sociales que han influido en la vida de las personas medievales en Oriente Medio, tanto musulmanes como no musulmanes. Evolución de las instituciones judiciales: Durante los siglos VII-IX se desarrolló en el Egipto medieval un modelo de administración judicial. Durante este período surgieron cuatro instituciones clave: el cadí, el tribunal de denuncias, la policía y la ley del mercado islamizado. Kadi era responsable de la resolución de controversias y la administración de justicia de acuerdo con la ley islámica, mientras que el tribunal de la denuncia escuchó las quejas del público y proporcionó una plataforma para la resolución de controversias. La policía, o shurta, se encargaba de mantener el orden público y garantizar la justicia penal.
The Za de Justiça in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to XII Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Postability of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Segural Intersecção: Neste artigo, vamos aprofundar-nos em a finitude da justiça no Egito medieval, que abrange o período entre os séculos VII e XII. Este período testemunhou a evolução de um sistema judicial único, formado por forças políticas e administrativas. Nosso foco será em quatro instituições judiciais que desempenharam um papel crucial na administração da justiça nesta era: o cadi, o tribunal de queixas (mazalim), a polícia (xurta) e a lei islamizada do mercado (hisba). Também vamos analisar o trabalho interno do tribunal sobre a queixa durante o Estado de Fatimis e a forma como as comunidades não muçulmanas contribuíram para o julgamento. O estudo dessas instituições e a sua interação entre si fornecem informações valiosas sobre questões mais amplas de forças religiosas e sociais que afetaram a vida dos homens medievais no Oriente Médio, muçulmanos e não muçulmanos. Evolução das instituições judiciais: Durante os séculos VII-IX, o Egito medieval desenvolveu um modelo de administração judicial. Quatro instituições fundamentais surgiram nesse período: Cadi, Tribunal de Queixas, Polícia e Direito de Mercado Islamizado. Qadi era responsável por resolver disputas e fazer justiça de acordo com a lei islâmica, enquanto o tribunal ouvia queixas do público e fornecia uma plataforma de resolução de disputas. A polícia era responsável pela manutenção da lei e da justiça criminal.
The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to XII Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Possibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Interduction: In questo articolo siamo approfondiamo la finezza dell'amministrazione della giustizia nell'Egitto medievale, che va dal VII al XII secolo. Questo periodo ha visto l'evoluzione del sistema giudiziario unico formato dalle forze politiche e amministrative. La nostra attenzione si concentrerà su quattro istituzioni giudiziarie che hanno avuto un ruolo cruciale nell'amministrazione della giustizia in questa epoca: il Cady, il Tribunale delle denunce (mazalim), la polizia (churta) e la legge islamizzata sul mercato (hisba). Esamineremo anche il funzionamento interno del tribunale per la denuncia durante lo stato dei Fatimidi e il modo in cui le comunità non musulmane hanno contribuito al processo. Lo studio di queste istituzioni e la loro interazione tra loro forniscono preziose informazioni sulle questioni più ampie delle forze religiose e sociali che hanno influenzato la vita dei medievali in Medio Oriente, sia musulmani che non musulmani. Evoluzione delle istituzioni giudiziarie - Nel corso del VII-IX secolo, l'Egitto medievale ha sviluppato un modello di amministrazione giudiziaria. In questo periodo sono emerse quattro istituzioni chiave: il Cady, il processo di denuncia, la polizia e il diritto islamizzato del mercato. Cady era responsabile della gestione delle controversie e dell'amministrazione della giustizia in conformità con il diritto islamico, mentre la corte di appello sentiva le lamentele pubbliche e forniva una piattaforma per risolvere le controversie. La polizia, o Schurt, era responsabile per la legge e la giustizia penale.
Die Verwaltung der Justiz im mittelalterlichen Ägypten vom 7. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert: Eine Studie über Evolution, Notwendigkeit und Möglichkeit, ein persönliches Paradigma für die Einführung in das Überleben zu entwickeln: In diesem Artikel werden wir tiefer in die Feinheiten der Rechtspflege eintauchen im mittelalterlichen Ägypten zwischen dem 7. und 12. Jahrhundert. Diese Periode erlebte die Entwicklung eines einzigartigen Justizsystems, das von politischen und administrativen Kräften geprägt war. Unser Fokus wird auf vier Justizinstitutionen liegen, die in dieser Zeit eine entscheidende Rolle in der Rechtspflege gespielt haben: Kadi, das Beschwerdegericht (Mazalim), die Polizei (Shurta) und das islamisierte Marktrecht (Hisba). Wir werden auch das Innenleben des Gerichts über die Beschwerde während des Fatimiden-Staates untersuchen und wie nicht-muslimische Gemeinschaften zum Prozess beigetragen haben. Die Untersuchung dieser Institutionen und ihrer Interaktion miteinander liefert wertvolle Einblicke in die breiteren Fragen religiöser und sozialer Kräfte, die das ben der mittelalterlichen Menschen im Nahen Osten beeinflusst haben, sowohl Muslime als auch Nicht-Muslime. Entwicklung der Justizinstitutionen: Im Laufe des 7. bis 9. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich im mittelalterlichen Ägypten ein Modell der Justizverwaltung. In dieser Zeit entstanden vier Schlüsselinstitutionen: der Kadi, das Beschwerdegericht, die Polizei und das islamisierte Marktrecht. Kadi war für die Beilegung von Streitigkeiten und die Rechtspflege nach islamischem Recht zuständig, während das Beschwerdegericht Beschwerden der Öffentlichkeit entgegennahm und eine Plattform zur Beilegung von Streitigkeiten bot. Die Polizei, oder Shurta, war für die Aufrechterhaltung von Recht und Ordnung und die Gewährleistung der Strafjustiz verantwortlich.
מינהל הצדק במצרים בימי הביניים מהמאה ה ־ 7 עד המאה ה ־ 12: מחקר על האבולוציה, הצורך והאפשרות לפתח פרדיגמה אישית למבוא להישרדות: במאמר זה אנו מתעמקים במורכבות של ניהול הצדק במצרים בימי הביניים, המכסה את התקופה מ ־ 7 עד 12 לספירה המאה. תקופה זו הייתה עדה לאבולוציה של מערכת משפט ייחודית שעוצבה על ידי כוחות פוליטיים ומנהליים. ההתמקדות שלנו תהיה בארבעת המוסדות המשפטיים שהיו קריטיים לניהול הצדק בעידן זה: הקאדי, בית המשפט לענייני תלונות (מזלים), המשטרה (שורטה) וחוק השוק האסלאמי (היסבה). כמו כן, נבחן את פעולותיו הפנימיות של בית המשפט בתקופת מדינת פטימיד וכיצד קהילות שאינן מוסלמיות סייעו להליך השיפוטי. לימוד מוסדות אלה ויחסיהם זה עם זה מספק תובנה רבת ערך לסוגיות הרחבות יותר של כוחות דתיים וחברתיים שהשפיעו על חייהם של אנשי ימי הביניים במזרח התיכון, הן מוסלמים והן לא-מוסלמים. במהלך המאות ה-7-9, התפתח מודל של מינהל שיפוטי במצרים של ימי הביניים ארבעה מוסדות מרכזיים: הקאדי, בית המשפט לענייני תלונות, המשטרה וחוק השוק האיסלאמי. קאדי היה אחראי לפתרון סכסוכים ולניהול צדק על פי החוק האיסלאמי, ואילו בית המשפט התלונן על תלונות מהציבור וסיפק פלטפורמה לפתרון מחלוקות. המשטרה, או שורטה, היו אחראים לשמירה על החוק והסדר ולהבטחת צדק פלילי.''
The Administration of Justice in Medieval Egypt from the 7th to 12th Century: A Study of Evolution, Need, and Possibility of Developing a Personal Paradigm for Survival Introduction: Bu makalede, Ortaçağ Mısır'ında 7. yüzyıldan 12. yüzyıla kadar olan dönemi kapsayan adalet yönetiminin inceliklerini inceliyoruz. Bu dönem, siyasi ve idari güçler tarafından şekillendirilen benzersiz bir yargı sisteminin evrimine tanık oldu. Odak noktamız bu dönemde adalet yönetimi için kritik olan dört yargı kurumu olacak: kadı, şikayet mahkemesi (mazalim), polis (shurta) ve İslamlaştırılmış piyasa yasası (hisba). Ayrıca, Fatımi devleti sırasında şikayet mahkemesinin iç işleyişini ve Müslüman olmayan toplulukların yargı sürecini nasıl kolaylaştırdığını inceleyeceğiz. Bu kurumları ve birbirleriyle olan etkileşimlerini incelemek, Orta Doğu'daki Orta Çağ halkının, hem Müslümanların hem de Müslüman olmayanların yaşamlarını etkileyen daha geniş dini ve sosyal güçler konularına değerli bir bakış açısı sağlar. Yargı kurumlarının evrimi: 7-9. yüzyıllarda, ortaçağ Mısır'ında bir yargı yönetimi modeli gelişti. Bu dönemde dört temel kurum ortaya çıktı: kadı, şikayet mahkemesi, polis ve İslamlaştırılmış piyasa hukuku. Kadı, anlaşmazlıkları çözmek ve İslam hukuku uyarınca adaleti sağlamaktan sorumluyken, şikayet mahkemesi halktan gelen şikayetleri dinledi ve anlaşmazlıkların çözümü için bir platform sağladı. Polis veya shurta, yasa ve düzeni sağlamaktan ve ceza adaletini sağlamaktan sorumluydu.
إقامة العدل في مصر في العصور الوسطى من القرن السابع إلى القرن الثاني عشر: دراسة التطور والحاجة وإمكانية تطوير نموذج شخصي للبقاء مقدمة: في هذه المقالة، نتعمق في تعقيدات إقامة العدل في مصر في العصور الوسطى، والتي تغطي الفترة من القرن السابع إلى القرن الثاني عشر وشهدت هذه الفترة تطور نظام قضائي فريد شكلته قوى سياسية وإدارية. سينصب تركيزنا على المؤسسات القضائية الأربع التي كانت حاسمة لإقامة العدل في هذا العصر: القاضي ومحكمة التظلم (المزالم) والشرطة (الشورتا) وقانون السوق الإسلامي (الحسبة). سنقوم أيضًا بفحص الأعمال الداخلية لمحكمة التظلم خلال الدولة الفاطمية وكيف سهلت المجتمعات غير المسلمة العملية القضائية. تقدم دراسة هذه المؤسسات وتفاعلاتها مع بعضها البعض نظرة ثاقبة على القضايا الأوسع للقوى الدينية والاجتماعية التي أثرت على حياة سكان العصور الوسطى في الشرق الأوسط، المسلمين وغير المسلمين. تطور المؤسسات القضائية: خلال القرنين السابع والتاسع، تطور نموذج للإدارة القضائية في مصر في العصور الوسطى. ظهرت أربع مؤسسات رئيسية خلال هذه الفترة: القاضي، ومحكمة التظلم، والشرطة، وقانون السوق الإسلامي. كان قاضي مسؤولاً عن حل النزاعات وإقامة العدل بموجب الشريعة الإسلامية، بينما استمعت محكمة التظلم إلى شكاوى من الجمهور ووفرت منبرًا لحل النزاعات. الشرطة، أو الشورتا، مسؤولة عن الحفاظ على القانون والنظام وضمان العدالة الجنائية.
7 세기에서 12 세기까지 중세 이집트의 정의 관리: 생존 소개를위한 개인 패러다임 개발의 진화, 필요 및 가능성에 대한 연구: 이 기사에서 우리는 7 세기에서 12 세기까지의 기간. 이시기는 정치 및 행정 세력에 의해 형성된 독특한 사법 시스템의 진화를 목격했습니다. 우리는 카디, 고충 처리 법원 (mazalim), 경찰 (shurta) 및 이슬람 시장 법 (hisba) 과 같은이 시대의 정의 관리에 중요한 4 개의 사법 기관에 중점을 둘 것입니다. 우리는 또한 파티마 주에서 고충 처리 법원의 내부 활동과 비 무슬림 공동체가 사법 절차를 어떻게 촉진했는지 조사 할 것입니다. 이러한 제도와 서로의 상호 작용을 연구하면 중동의 중세 사람들, 무슬림과 비 무슬림의 삶에 영향을 미치는 광범위한 종교 및 사회 세력 문제에 대한 귀중한 통찰력을 얻을 수 있습니다. 사법 기관의 진화: 7 ~ 9 세기 동안 중세 이집트에서 개발 된 사법 행정 모델. 이 기간 동안 카디, 고충 처리 법원, 경찰 및 이슬람 시장 법의 네 가지 주요 기관이 등장했습니다. Qadi는 이슬람 법에 따라 분쟁을 해결하고 정의를 관리 할 책임이 있었으며, 고소 법원은 대중의 불만을 듣고 분쟁 해결을위한 플랫폼을 제공했습니다. 경찰 또는 shurta는 법과 질서를 유지하고 형사 사법을 보장 할 책임이있었습니다.
從七世紀到十二世紀埃及司法行政當局:進化、需要和發展潛力的研究,以及生存概念的個人參與:在這篇文章中,我們將進一步深入探討這一問題。在中世紀埃及司法的復雜性,橫跨7至12世紀。這一時期見證了政治和行政力量塑造的獨特司法制度的演變。我們的重點將是在這個時代在司法工作中發揮關鍵作用的四個司法機構:卡迪、申訴法院(mazalim)、警察(shurta)和伊斯蘭化的市場法(hisba)。我們還將審查法院在法蒂米德州期間對申訴的內部運作情況,以及非穆斯林社區如何為審判作出貢獻。對這些機構及其相互作用的研究為影響中東中世紀人民(包括穆斯林和非穆斯林)生活的更廣泛的宗教和社會力量問題提供了寶貴的信息。司法機構的演變:在7至9世紀,中世紀的埃及發展了司法行政模式。在此期間,出現了四個主要機構:卡迪,投訴法院,警察和伊斯蘭市場法。卡迪(Kadi)負責根據伊斯蘭法解決爭端和伸張正義,而申訴法院則聽取了公眾的投訴,並提供了解決爭端的平臺。警察(shurta)負責維護法律和秩序並確保刑事司法。

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The Big Book of Restorative Justice: Four Classic Justice Peacebuilding Books in One Volume
By Law or In Justice: The Indian Specific Claims Commission and the Struggle for Indigenous Justice
Transcultural Justice at the Tokyo Tribunal. The Allied Struggle for Justice, 1946-48
Transcultural Justice at the Tokyo Tribunal. The Allied Struggle for Justice, 1946-48
Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England (Routledge Research in Medieval Studies)
The Bristol Merlin: Revealing the Secrets of a Medieval Fragment (Medieval Media and Culture)
To Govern Is to Serve: An Essay on Medieval Democracy (Medieval Societies, Religions, and Cultures)
The Friars and their Influence in Medieval Spain (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West)
Prologues to Ancient and Medieval History: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)
Rancor and Reconciliation in Medieval England (Conjunctions of Religion and Power in the Medieval Past)
Fosterage in Medieval Ireland: An Emotional History (The Early Medieval North Atlantic)
Food Culture in Medieval Scandinavia (The Early Medieval North Atlantic)
Medieval Travel and Travelers: A Reader (Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures)
Medieval Celtic literature: A select bibliography (Toronto medieval bibliographies)
Two Medieval Occitan Toll Registers from Tarascon (Medieval Academy Books)
Hollow Justice (Cowboy Justice Association Book 13)
A Treatise on Social Justice, Volume 1: Theories of Justice
Justice Reborn (Cowboy Justice Association Book 8)
Vengeful Justice (Cowboy Justice Association Book 9)
Medieval Nonsense: Signifying Nothing in Fourteenth-Century England (Fordham Series in Medieval Studies)
Late Medieval Devotion to Saints from the North of England: New Directions (Medieval Church Studies, 48)
Early Medieval Hum and Bosnia, ca. 450-1200 (Studies in Medieval History and Culture)
Sufi Masters and the Creation of Saintly Spheres in Medieval Syria (Medieval Islamicate World)
Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death (The Medieval Globe Books, 1)
Medieval Secular Literature: Four Essays (Volume 1) (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA)
Rethinking Medieval and Renaissance Political Thought (Themes in Medieval and Early Modern History)