BOOKS - Before the Two Culture
Before the Two Culture - Lorraine Daston 2015 PDF  BOOKS
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Before the Two Culture
Author: Lorraine Daston
Year: 2015
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 12 MB
Language: English



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Before the Two Cultures: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm In the nineteenth century, two distinct cultures emerged within the scientific community: Big Science and Big Humanities. These two cultures were born out of the need to amass vast amounts of data and information in order to further our understanding of the world and advance human knowledge. Both cultures undertook massive projects that spanned decades and continents, such as the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum of classical philologists and the Carte du Ciel of astronomers. Despite their differences, these two cultures share a common goal of preserving and studying the archives of the future. The Sciences of the Archives The sciences of the archives refer to those disciplines that rely on collections of data and objects to conduct research and ensure the possibility of research in the future. Examples of these sciences include botany, geology, astronomy, genetics, art history, and medical history. These fields all depend on the careful collection and preservation of data in order to advance our understanding of the world. For instance, botanists use type specimens to define and classify plant species, while geologists drill core samples to study the Earth's history. Similarly, astronomers still reference ancient observations, while geneticists rely on data banks to study the human genome. Museum collections, historical libraries, and weather diaries are also crucial to these fields.
Before the Two Cultures: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm В девятнадцатом веке в научном сообществе появились две различные культуры: большая наука и большие гуманитарные науки. Эти две культуры родились из необходимости накапливать огромные объемы данных и информации, чтобы улучшить наше понимание мира и продвинуть человеческие знания. Обе культуры предприняли масштабные проекты, охватывавшие десятилетия и континенты, такие как Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum классических филологов и Carte du Ciel астрономов. Несмотря на различия, эти две культуры разделяют общую цель сохранения и изучения архивов будущего. Науки об архивах К наукам об архивах относятся те дисциплины, которые опираются на коллекции данных и объектов для проведения исследований и обеспечения возможности исследований в будущем. Примеры этих наук включают ботанику, геологию, астрономию, генетику, историю искусств и историю медицины. Все эти области зависят от тщательного сбора и сохранения данных, чтобы улучшить наше понимание мира. Например, ботаники используют типовые образцы для определения и классификации видов растений, а геологи бурят образцы керна для изучения истории Земли. Точно так же астрономы все еще ссылаются на древние наблюдения, в то время как генетики полагаются на банки данных для изучения генома человека. Музейные коллекции, исторические библиотеки и дневники погоды также имеют решающее значение для этих областей.
Before the Two Cultures : Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm Au XIXe siècle, deux cultures différentes sont apparues dans la communauté scientifique : la grande science et les grandes sciences humaines. Ces deux cultures sont nées de la nécessité d'accumuler d'énormes quantités de données et d'informations pour améliorer notre compréhension du monde et faire progresser les connaissances humaines. s deux cultures ont entrepris des projets de grande envergure couvrant des décennies et des continents tels que le Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum des philologues classiques et la Carte du Ciel des astronomes. Malgré les différences, ces deux cultures partagent l'objectif commun de préserver et d'étudier les archives du futur. Sciences des archives s sciences des archives comprennent les disciplines qui s'appuient sur des collections de données et d'objets pour mener des recherches et permettre la recherche à l'avenir. Ces sciences comprennent la botanique, la géologie, l'astronomie, la génétique, l'histoire des arts et l'histoire de la médecine. Tous ces domaines dépendent de la collecte et de la conservation minutieuses des données pour améliorer notre compréhension du monde. Par exemple, les botanistes utilisent des échantillons types pour déterminer et classer les espèces végétales, et les géologues forent des échantillons de carottes pour étudier l'histoire de la Terre. De même, les astronomes se réfèrent encore à des observations anciennes, tandis que les généticiens s'appuient sur des banques de données pour étudier le génome humain. s collections du musée, les bibliothèques historiques et les journaux météorologiques sont également essentiels dans ces domaines.
Before the Two Cultures: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm En el siglo XIX surgieron dos culturas diferentes en la comunidad científica: la gran ciencia y las grandes humanidades. Estas dos culturas nacieron de la necesidad de acumular enormes cantidades de datos e información para mejorar nuestra comprensión del mundo y promover el conocimiento humano. Ambas culturas emprendieron proyectos a gran escala que abarcaron décadas y continentes, como el Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum de filólogos clásicos y el Carte du Ciel de astrónomos. A pesar de las diferencias, estas dos culturas comparten el objetivo común de conservar y estudiar los archivos del futuro. Ciencias de los archivos ciencias de los archivos incluyen aquellas disciplinas que se basan en colecciones de datos y objetos para realizar investigaciones y permitir la investigación en el futuro. Ejemplos de estas ciencias incluyen botánica, geología, astronomía, genética, historia del arte e historia de la medicina. Todas estas áreas dependen de una cuidadosa recopilación y conservación de datos para mejorar nuestra comprensión del mundo. Por ejemplo, los botánicos utilizan especímenes tipo para determinar y clasificar especies vegetales, y los geólogos perforan especímenes de núcleo para estudiar la historia de la Tierra. Del mismo modo, los astrónomos todavía se refieren a observaciones antiguas, mientras que los genetistas dependen de bancos de datos para estudiar el genoma humano. colecciones del museo, las bibliotecas históricas y los diarios meteorológicos también son cruciales para estas áreas.
Before the Two Culturas: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm No século XIX. Duas culturas diferentes surgiram na comunidade científica: a grande ciência e as grandes ciências humanas. Estas duas culturas nasceram da necessidade de acumular grandes quantidades de dados e informações para melhorar a nossa compreensão do mundo e promover o conhecimento humano. Ambas as culturas lançaram projetos em grande escala que envolveram décadas e continentes, como o Corpus Insriptionum Latinarum de filólogos clássicos e o Cartão do Cielo de Astrônomos. Apesar das diferenças, as duas culturas compartilham o objetivo comum de preservar e explorar os arquivos do futuro. Ciências dos arquivos As ciências dos arquivos incluem disciplinas que se baseiam em coleções de dados e objetos para pesquisa e oportunidade de pesquisa no futuro. Exemplos destas ciências incluem botânica, geologia, astronomia, genética, história da arte e história médica. Todas estas áreas dependem de uma cuidadosa coleta e preservação de dados para melhorar a nossa compreensão do mundo. Por exemplo, os nerds usam amostras típicas para determinar e classificar espécies de plantas, enquanto os geólogos perfuram amostras de querno para estudar a história da Terra. Da mesma forma, os astrônomos ainda citam observações antigas, enquanto os geneticistas dependem de bancos de dados para estudar o genoma humano. Coleções de museus, bibliotecas históricas e diários meteorológicos também são cruciais para estas áreas.
Before the Two Culture: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm Nel diciannovesimo secolo la comunità scientifica ha sviluppato due diverse culture: una grande scienza e grandi scienze umane. Queste due culture sono nate dalla necessità di accumulare enormi quantità di dati e informazioni per migliorare la nostra comprensione del mondo e promuovere la conoscenza umana. Entrambe le culture hanno intrapreso grandi progetti che hanno riguardato decenni e continenti, come il Corpus Inspirtionum Latinarum dei filologi classici e la Carte du Ciel degli astronomi. Nonostante le differenze, le due culture condividono l'obiettivo comune di conservare e studiare gli archivi del futuro. Scienze dell'archivio scienze dell'archivio includono discipline che si basano su raccolte di dati e oggetti per la ricerca e la ricerca futura. Esempi di queste scienze includono botanica, geologia, astronomia, genetica, storia dell'arte e storia della medicina. Tutte queste aree dipendono da un'attenta raccolta e conservazione dei dati per migliorare la nostra comprensione del mondo. Ad esempio, i nerd usano campioni tipici per definire e classificare le specie vegetali, mentre i geologi forano campioni di kern per studiare la storia della Terra. Allo stesso modo, gli astronomi fanno ancora riferimento ad osservazioni antiche, mentre i genetisti si affidano a banche dati per studiare il genoma umano. Collezioni museali, biblioteche storiche e diari meteo sono anche cruciali per queste aree.
Before the Two Cultures: Understanding the Evolution of Technology and the Need for a Personal Paradigm Im 19. Jahrhundert entstanden zwei verschiedene Kulturen in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft: die große Wissenschaft und die großen Geisteswissenschaften. Diese beiden Kulturen wurden aus der Notwendigkeit geboren, riesige Mengen an Daten und Informationen zu sammeln, um unser Verständnis der Welt zu verbessern und menschliches Wissen zu fördern. Beide Kulturen unternahmen Großprojekte, die Jahrzehnte und Kontinente umfassten, wie das Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum der klassischen Philologen und die Carte du Ciel der Astronomen. Trotz der Unterschiede teilen die beiden Kulturen das gemeinsame Ziel, die Archive der Zukunft zu bewahren und zu erforschen. Archivwissenschaften Zu den Archivwissenschaften gehören jene Disziplinen, die auf Daten- und Objektsammlungen zurückgreifen, um Forschung zu betreiben und Forschung in Zukunft zu ermöglichen. Beispiele für diese Wissenschaften sind Botanik, Geologie, Astronomie, Genetik, Kunstgeschichte und Geschichte der Medizin. All diese Bereiche sind auf eine sorgfältige Datenerhebung und -speicherung angewiesen, um unser Verständnis der Welt zu verbessern. Zum Beispiel verwenden Botaniker typische Proben, um Pflanzenarten zu definieren und zu klassifizieren, und Geologen bohren Kernproben, um die Geschichte der Erde zu untersuchen. In ähnlicher Weise beziehen sich Astronomen immer noch auf alte Beobachtungen, während Genetiker auf Datenbanken angewiesen sind, um das menschliche Genom zu untersuchen. Auch Museumssammlungen, historische Bibliotheken und Wettertagebücher sind für diese Bereiche entscheidend.
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İki Kültürden Önce: Teknolojinin Evrimini Anlamak ve Kişisel Bir Paradigma İhtiyacı On dokuzuncu yüzyılda, bilim camiasında iki ayrı kültür ortaya çıktı: büyük bilim ve büyük beşeri bilimler. Bu iki kültür, dünya anlayışımızı geliştirmek ve insan bilgisini ilerletmek için çok miktarda veri ve bilgi biriktirme ihtiyacından doğmuştur. Her iki kültür de, klasik filologların Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'u ve gökbilimcilerin Carte du Ciel'i gibi onlarca yıl ve kıtaları kapsayan büyük ölçekli projeler üstlendi. Farklılıklara rağmen, iki kültür geleceğin arşivlerini korumak ve incelemek için ortak bir hedefi paylaşıyor. Arşiv bilimleri Arşiv bilimleri, araştırma yapmak ve gelecekteki araştırmaları mümkün kılmak için veri ve nesne koleksiyonlarına dayanan disiplinleri içerir. Bu bilimlerin örnekleri arasında botanik, jeoloji, astronomi, genetik, sanat tarihi ve tıp tarihi sayılabilir. Tüm bu alanlar, dünya anlayışımızı geliştirmek için titiz veri toplama ve korumaya bağlıdır. Örneğin, botanikçiler bitki türlerini tanımlamak ve sınıflandırmak için tip örnekleri kullanırlar ve jeologlar Dünya'nın tarihini incelemek için çekirdek örnekleri kullanırlar. Benzer şekilde, gökbilimciler hala eski gözlemlerden alıntı yaparken, genetikçiler insan genomunu incelemek için veri bankalarına güveniyorlar. Müze koleksiyonları, tarihi kütüphaneler ve hava durumu günlükleri de bu alanlar için çok önemlidir.
قبل الثقافتين: فهم تطور التكنولوجيا والحاجة إلى نموذج شخصي في القرن التاسع عشر، ظهرت ثقافتان متميزتان في المجتمع العلمي: العلوم الكبيرة والعلوم الإنسانية الكبيرة. نشأت هاتان الثقافتان من الحاجة إلى تجميع كميات هائلة من البيانات والمعلومات لتحسين فهمنا للعالم وتعزيز المعرفة البشرية. قامت كلتا الثقافتين بمشاريع واسعة النطاق امتدت لعقود وقارات، مثل Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum لعلماء اللغة الكلاسيكيين و Carte du Ciel لعلماء الفلك. على الرغم من الاختلافات، تشترك الثقافتان في هدف مشترك يتمثل في الحفاظ على أرشيف المستقبل ودراسته. علوم الأرشيف تشمل علوم الأرشيف تلك التخصصات التي تعتمد على مجموعات من البيانات والأشياء لإجراء البحوث وتمكين البحث في المستقبل. تشمل أمثلة هذه العلوم علم النبات والجيولوجيا وعلم الفلك وعلم الوراثة وتاريخ الفن والتاريخ الطبي. تعتمد كل هذه المجالات على جمع البيانات الدقيقة والحفاظ عليها لتحسين فهمنا للعالم. على سبيل المثال، يستخدم علماء النبات عينات من النوع لتحديد وتصنيف الأنواع النباتية، ويحفر الجيولوجيون عينات أساسية لدراسة تاريخ الأرض. وبالمثل، لا يزال علماء الفلك يستشهدون بالملاحظات القديمة، بينما يعتمد علماء الوراثة على بنوك البيانات لدراسة الجينوم البشري. مجموعات المتاحف والمكتبات التاريخية ومذكرات الطقس ضرورية أيضًا لهذه المناطق.

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